You can unsubscribe at any time. More info. The Yellowstone volcano gets its chilling label as a supervolcano due to its ability to inflict devastation on a global level. However, scientists at the University of Utah made an astonishing discovery themselves in James Farrell, alongside a team of scientists, found the magma reservoir below the caldera far exceeded previous estimates.
Dr Farrell and his team calculated the size by analysing earthquake measurement data collected from to from about 40 seismometers installed around Yellowstone National Park. Grizzlies are his biggest fear. MacDonald always carries bear spray in Yellowstone, never walks alone and is careful to make plenty of noise in the woods. One night at the lake, he recalls, he and his crew were eating steaks around a campfire when they saw a young grizzly bear staring at them from yards.
That night they heard his roars and barks echoing across the lake; they surmised that the bear was frustrated because a bigger grizzly was keeping him away from an elk carcass a quarter-mile distant. We stayed up all night making noise, and thankfully it worked.
I still have that tent and it still reeks of bear pee. They also had trouble from bison and bull elk that occupied their excavation sites and declined to leave. They endured torrential rains and ferocious electric storms. Once they had to evacuate in canoes because of a forest fire. There were basically sites everywhere. Among their discoveries were a 6,year-old hearth, a Late Prehistoric stone circle or tepee base lying intact under a foot of dirt, and a wide variety of stone tools and projectile points.
Excavating a small boulder with obsidian flakes littered around its base, they knew that someone, man or woman, boy or girl, had sat there making tools 3, years ago. More than 70 Cody points and knives have been found in Yellowstone, with the greatest concentration at the lake. As the bison migrated up to the higher elevations, Cody people almost certainly followed them. Over the following millennia, as the climate warmed, the modern bison evolved and human populations rose in the Great Plains and Rockies.
Yellowstone became a favored summer destination, drawing people from hundreds of miles away, and the lakeshore was an ideal place to camp. There is no evidence of conflict among the different tribal groups; MacDonald thinks they probably traded and visited with one another. The peak of Native American activity in Yellowstone was in the Late Archaic period, 3, to 1, years ago, but even in the 19th century it was still heavily used, with as many as ten tribes living around the lake, including Crow, Blackfeet, Flathead, Shoshone, Nez Perce and Bannock.
But for hunter-gatherers who follow animal migrations, avoid climate extremes and harvest different plants as they ripen in different areas, the word has a different meaning. They live in a place for part of the year, then leave and come back, generation after generation.
One Shoshone group known as the Sheepeaters seldom left the current park boundaries, because they were able to harvest bighorn sheep year-round. But most Native Americans in Yellowstone moved down to lower, warmer elevations in winter, and returned to the high plateau in the spring. A few brave souls returned in late winter to walk on the frozen lake and hunt bears hibernating on the islands.
Some people still do. You can see the videos on YouTube. Young adult males are the only ones stupid enough to do it, and I imagine that was the case here too. When MacDonald was a freshman at Brown University, in Providence, Rhode Island, he studied political economy, international development and finance, and envisioned a career at the World Bank or the International Monetary Fund.
I wanted to work on the archaeology of hunter-gatherers instead. MacDonald has never killed his own meat and knows little about edible and medicinal plants, but he believes that hunting and gathering is the most successful way of living that humanity has ever devised. We moved around in extended family groups that took care of each other.
It was egalitarian because there was no wealth. It was a healthy way for humans to live and we were well adapted for it by evolution. It has never been farmed or logged, and most of its archaeological sites are intact. Archaeological research supports and complements the tribal oral histories, and also reaches back further in time.
He shares, promotes, communicates. It was by measuring the decay of radioactive carbon in charcoal buried in the ground that MacDonald was able to date the lakeshore hearth as 6, years old, within an accuracy of 30 years. By testing blood and fat residues on 9,year-old stone knives and spear points, he found out that Cody people in Yellowstone primarily hunted bison and bear, but also elk, deer, rabbit and other species.
Microscopic remains of plants sifted from ancient campsites reveal what Native Americans were gathering thousands of years ago. Camas and bitterroot, both of which contain protein and grow in alpine meadows, were presumably vital to survival. Traces also have been detected of goosefoot, sunflower, sagebrush, wild onion, prickly pear cactus, balsamroot and various grasses, although hundreds of other species were probably gathered as well. In their campfires they were burning pine, spruce, ash, aspen, sagebrush and mistletoe.
The circles were years old and they inspired MacDonald to imagine a day in the existence of the family who had lived here. They use large obsidian knives hafted by rabbit cordage to bone handles. The meat, which they pack into leather bags, will provide food to the extended family for a few days, and the hide will be made into leggings for the coming winter. Meanwhile, mother and her baby, grandmother, aunt and daughter walk along the river in a howling wind, followed by three wolf-like dogs.
They surprise a rabbit, which daughter shoots with her bow. In the last ten days, this extended family band has raised and lowered its tepee five times.
They are moving quickly off the high Yellowstone plateau toward their first winter camp by the river. Now, as the storm rages with full force, they raise the tepee again, father and son tying the poles together at the top while the women adjust the hides.
Grandmother and aunt push rocks over the bottom edges of the hides, to block the wind and snow. Grand Prismatic Spring at Midway Geyser Basin paints an incredible picture in vibrant blues, yellows and oranges. Photo by Natalia Ornia www. Old Faithful's shows last between 1. Traffic jams mean something different at Yellowstone.
Photo by Daniel Kleiman www. This weirdly shaped cone erupts about every eight hours, splashing to a height of 10 feet. Pictured here is Great Fountain Geyser, one of the great geysers of Yellowstone. Photo by Greg Chancey www. A red fox leaping for its dinner at Yellowstone National Park. Photo by Gerald Wilders www. Blog Post.
From Wild Cats to Adventure Felines.
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